Gifts and commodities

James G. Carrier

Three hundred years ago people made most of what they used, or got it in trade from their neighbours. Now, no one seems to make anything, and we buy what we need from shops. Gifts and Commodities describes the cultural and historical process of these changes and looks at the rise of consumer society in Britain and in the United States. It investigates the ways that people think about and relate to objects in twentieth-century culture, at how those relationships have developed, and at the social meanings they have for relations with others. The book analyses the distinctions between impersonal objects and personal possessions, and investigates the changes in common forms of production and consumption in Britain and the U.S. since 1700. James Carrier argues that because of these changes in the common experience of objects, people have come to see objects as more impersonal, so that to use objects as a means of strengthening social ties, they must be invested with social meaning and personal identity. Using aspects of anthropology and sociology to describe the importance of shopping and gift-giving in our lives and in present-day western economies, Gifts and Commodities traces the development of shopping and retailing practices, and the emergence of modern notions of objects and the self. Carrier brings together a wealth of information on the history of production and of retail trade, creating a fully interdisciplinary study of the links we forge between ourselves, our social groups and the commodities we buy and give.